I went to a talk by the head scientist from one of the large oil companies. He was mainly talking in regards to Porsches and classic cars, but he mentioned the difference between regular and premium. Long story short, it is beneficial to get premium from certain brands and not at others.
One the east coast, most of the gas comes from the same pipeline and is then blended by the oil companies. Overall, the main difference is the additives that each company blends in. Specifically he mentioned that Shell, Valero, and BP all have significant advantages in their premium gas. Generic brands and Exxon/Mobil do not add enough to make a difference between the regular and premium.
The increase in additives in the good (shell, etc.) fuel over the life of the car should pay for itself in increased mileage. He said that is over the life of the engine, and you would probably not see any real change tank to tank.
As an aside, he said to always use synthetic oil in every car you have (even old classics). The lower temperature at the piston rings is worth any leakage that you may get around the gaskets.
And they test every gasoline additives that come out and they have never come across anything that is beneficial. Basically they mess with the balance of detergents already in your gasoline/oil. He said it is like ordering spaghetti and meatballs at a restaurant and then pouring ketchup on the whole thing.