O2 Sensor FAQ's
Some stuff on 02's
O2 should be considered a 100k part maximum. Average life is around 60k before mixture is affected. Between 60-100 it's probably going to be operational (albeit slow), but it's due. At 100k it's done. My 20years with Bosch O2's show they are a 60k part.
Rear O2 sensors vs front (OBD 2). Rear O2 sensors are long term fuel trim, so their ECU sampling rate is much slower than the fronts. They change the baseline fuel settings, then the front O2 changes the immediate fuel mixture.
Generic vs specific. All O2 sensors (currently all toyotas trucks use either 1,3 or 4 wire narrow band O2's) operate the same and have only 1 ECU signal wire. The operating voltage of a narrow band O2 sensor is .1-.9v (.5 is considered Stoich). The difference between O2 sensors are the tip openings and tip depth (read sampling in the exhaust flow), and harness. 1 wire O2's require exhaust heat to run properly. 3 and 4 wire O2's are the heated type, the 4 wire adds an additional chassis ground wire.
Splicing wires. Saves money and is a good idea. The problem is that most folks want to solder the connection. That's not a good idea, use crimp connectors and heat shrink tubing. That's because the O2 reference signal on most 3 and 4 wire O2's is thru the wiring jacket itself.
Interchangeability. Technically speaking, generics or 'substitutes' are not legal per the EPA. However, ANY narrow band O2 sensor will interchange. The difference is how long it will last (see tip depth and tip opening) in a given application. I like to use the ford applications (thunderbird SC) cuz they last a long time IME, especially in inducted motors.
Currently, narrow band O2 sensors vehicles are considered by the EPA to be WOTF (Wide Open Throttle Free). This means exactly that at WOT, the computer ignores the 02 signal and uses tables addresses for fuel. The wide band O2 was introduced a couple years ago to address WOTF, and expect the EPA to require them on the next OBD series. They are extremely accurate, and can't be 'drowned' like the narrow band type. Wide Band O2's are NOT interchangeable with narrow Band O2's.
Until the computer recieves a valid signal from the O2 sensor, it assigns a fixed default signal (usually .5 volts). If O2 sensors go bad, or the computer trips a code, the ECU uses 'limp home mode' and assigns a fixed value to the O2 sensor input in the tables. This is usually accompianied by a pretty significant drop in gas mileage.
OBD2 (rear) O2's are designed to add or subtract 15% mixture from baseline fuel tables. After 15%, a CEL will appear, indicating that either a too rich (-% number) or too lean (+%number) has exceeded the normal 15% window. A new rear O2 will hover at 0 +/- 2-3%, after mega miles it will swing up to +/- 10-11% and eventually pop the CEL at +/- 15%.
The Front O2's should be quick to react to throttle inputs. On OBD II cars, my test is to rev it to 3k and see how long it takes the O2 sensor signal to stabilize. Old, either sticks, or is very slow to react.
Before or along with, checking/replacing O2 sensors, beware that many O2 sensor R&R are misdiagnosed because of an air leak. Make sure all vacuum hoses are in good shape, especially the one going to the fuel pressure regulator. As well, I'd seriously consider a new Fuel Pressure Regulator at 100k too, it's not a lifetime part.
Hope this adds some FAQ's to the discussion. EFI is quite sophisticated, but there is no question that the introduction of Lamda (O2 sensor/s) is one of the greatest discoveries in the progression of fueling systems.
Scott Justusson
QSHIPQ Performance Tuning
Chicago IL
'94 FZJ80 Supercharged