Thanks for the info and pics.
One thing that can cause abrupt and major overheating is a cracked cylinder head. While the engine is really hot, carefully open the coolant reservoir lid. Leave the hose part in the coolant. Look carefully to see if there are bubbles coming out. If so, this can indicate combustion gases getting into the coolant. Chances are the reservoir will have been overflowing in this case, as the combustion gases push all the coolant out. Hopefully this is not your issue.
The next possibility is that your viscous fan hub has lost all its fluid and is not coupling any significant power to the fan. After your engine has been sitting all night, try spinning the fan by hand in the morning (before starting the engine obviously). If it spins with next to no resistance, it's likely the fluid is gone. Also, when your motor is hot and you rev it up at idle, you should hear the fan roaring as its pulling air through the radiator. If this is not happening, maybe get the hub serviced or replaced.
Another possibility is that your thermostat has failed or your radiator is clogged. Start your motor and feel the top main radiator hose as the engine warms up. There should come a point when the temp gauge reaches about 1/4 that the hose should suddenly start getting hot as coolant starts flowing. You can also have the radiator checked out by a rad shop to make sure it's not clogged internally or externally.
There are other things too...but start with that.