Should be pretty easy to figure out if the caliper or wheel bearing is the culprit.
Jack up the side.
For bearing - put your hands at 12 and 6 o’clock on the tire and try to move the the tire. Try again with hands at 9 and 3 on the tire. This is a standard test for wheel bearing. If there is movement, your bearing is gone. I would replace both sides at the same time.
Caliper - Pull the caliper off. Open up the bleed valve. If you cannot compress any piston back into the caliper (I use a c-clamp), you have a stuck piston. I guess you could have a piston stuck inside the caliper (so that it won’t extend out), but not sure it would create the sound you are describing. More likely you would feel pulsating during breaking.
Are you sure that your dust shield didn’t get bent toward the tire? These can rub on the tire and/or rotor and cause funny sounds.