1) Why, or I suppose where, would a 285-70-18 tire be wider on a 9" wide wheel than it would be on a 8" wheel? A tire is only as big as it is and would simply be narrower where it contacts the wheel when mounted on a narrower wheel.
2) I believe you're describing changing the offset to maintain backspacing whereas my comparison is, for instance, identical wheels offered in 2 different widths. You seem to be addressing the fact that most wheels offered in different widths tend to also have corresponding different offsets to maintain backspacing intended to avoid interfering with or rubbing brakes, suspension, body, etc. If all other dimensions being equal, the difference between an 8" wide wheel with et25 and an 8" wide wheel with et50 is that the outside vertical plane of the one with et25 sits roughly an inch further out, closer to the fender plane. Similarly, the outside vertical plane of a 9" wheel with et50 vs a 8" wide wheel with et50 is that the outside vertical plane sits a half inch further out, closer to the fender. Keep in mind that the offset simply changes where the wheel is centered on the hub so changing the offset moves that point whereas changing the width of the wheel by an inch, for example, extends the wheel a half inch further out AND further back, hence why many wheels adjust the offset to maintain backspacing and clearance. So for back space clearance to be maintained on a wider wheel, you'd vary the offset with the width. The rear/inside vertical plane of a 8" wide wheel with an offset of et50 will sit in the same plane as the rear vertical plane of a 9" wide wheel with an offset of et38. Think of it as centering a donut on a stick in the wheel well. The wheel width just changes where the vertical planes at the rim edge sit whereas the offset changes where the vertical plane passing through the center of the tire tread sits, which also changes where the planes at the edges of the rim sit.
I should point out that this is not my opinion, its based on having to do relatively precise measures to fill the wheel well of certain german sportscars, with much tighter clearances than our trucks have. If I were a bit more internet savvy, i might be able to graphically demonstrate it better but I think what you're envisioning or describing is really based on experience fitting tires under these trucks on wheels that typically vary more than just the width OR offset. That is, wheels offered in wider variations often have different offsets than the same wheel offered in a narrower variation, hence, not all other things are equal. In any event, this is really just a cautionary exercise to point out that when fitting wheels and tires, wheel offset is just as important if not more important than wheel width in addition to the actual tire sizes. There is always a lot of discussion on this topic when it comes up and people often fail to share wheel offsets. Sometimes its because wheel manufacturers don't always hand out the offset numbers because they treat it as intellectual property or otherwise guarded info.
Hopefully that is a bit more clear. Otherwise, sorry for rambling ; )