I can get my car to billow smoke at 18:1
Only by cranking the injection advance to stupid levels.
but I can also get it to run completely clean at 16:1.
No you cannot. You've probably got a terrible view of your exhaust. 16:1 is dirty on all diesels that don't have a DPF.
Here's the other thing you're probably missing. You're near sea-level. Go drive somewhere 1000m higher and your AFR just dropped by another 10%. Spoolup really struggles and you're belching smoke.
Which is why I've been asking if there is a dyno chart showing spoolup with leaner AFR. Because if there isn't you'll never sell any of these turbos to people in Europe or north/south Americans. They just won't work cleanly at their altitudes.