What is the best way to get some really stubborn surface rust off? (1 Viewer)

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does it matter if it's just distilled vinegar, or white vinegar?
Whatever my wife has on hand it’s the acidity that does the trick. I have used phosphoric acid from Home Depot as well, but if not removed right away it’s a problem (like muratic acid). This can be an issue in hard to reach places and PPE becomes a lot more important which is why I switched to vinegar.

Looks like it’s distilled and white:

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Same as above, anything to hand.
I've used red wine vinegar, malted vinegar, house cleaning distilled vinegar, all work well
 
Sorry if I'm getting boring...
Question:
Chemical treatment or mechanical removing rust?
also if converted and coated/painted rust will peels over time ?
Just interesting if rust converter increase adhesion of epoxy..

From College of Engineering, China (MDPI peer-reviewed, open access journals)

Influence of Phosphoric Acid on the Adhesion Strength between Rusted Steel and Epoxy Coating​

Key Summary:
The adhesion test result showed that the adhesion strength between the rust and the epoxy coating was enhanced from 1.93 MPa to 11.63 MPa with the treatment by 50 g/L phosphoric acid in conjunction with a tannic converter formula.

this is original article:
 
I am a fan of rust converters but you first need to make sure any even remotely loose material is removed. I use Corroseal. I don't consider myself an expert in this area though; just to be clear.
 
I use these or similar discs/ wheels for removing rust. They will eat rust out of the metal but not remove any steel. I find them to be very good on smaller or localized areas .

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